Calcium supplements are calcium salts used in a number of conditions. Supplementation is generally only necessary when there is not enough calcium in the diet. Through their mouth they are used to treat and prevent low blood calcium, osteoporosis, and rickets. With injections into the blood vessels they are used for low blood calcium which results in muscle spasms and for high potassium or magnesium toxicity.
Common side effects include constipation and nausea. When taken, high blood calcium is rare. Calcium supplements, unlike calcium from food sources, seem to increase the risk of kidney stones. Adults generally need about one gram of calcium a day. Calcium is very important for bones, muscles, and nerves.
The medical use of calcium supplements began in the 19th century. It's in the List of Essential Medicines of the World Health Organization, the most effective and safe drugs needed in the health system. They are available as generics. Wholesale costs in developing countries are around 0.92 to 4.76 USD per month. In the United States treatments generally cost less than 25 USD per month. Versions are also sold along with vitamin D.
Video Calcium supplement
Medical use
Bone health
In healthy people, calcium supplementation is not necessary to maintain bone mineral density, and carries a greater risk than any benefit. Calcium intake is not significantly associated with risk of hip fracture in either men or women. The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends a daily supplement of calcium or vitamin D. Although a slight increase in bone mineral density occurs in healthy children from calcium supplementation, additional dietary calcium supplements are not justified, according to a 2006 review.
Cardiovascular Impact
In young adults with normal blood pressure, additional calcium intake causes a small decrease (- 2 mmHg) of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In contrast, a study investigating the effects of personal calcium supplementation on cardiovascular risk in the Women's Health Initiative Calcium/Vitamin D Study (WHI CaD Study) found little increased risk of cardiovascular events, especially myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. Extensive recommendations of calcium/vitamin D supplements are not required. A literature review of 2013 concluded that the benefits of calcium supplementation in some studies, such as bone health, appear to be greater than any calcium supplementation that may occur in cardiovascular health.
Cancer
Overall, there is no clear evidence of the effects of calcium supplements in cancer prevention: some studies suggest it may lower the risk, but others suggest it may increase the risk. As a result, the National Cancer Institute does not recommend the use of calcium supplements for this purpose.
There is weak evidence that calcium supplementation may have a preventive effect on the development of colorectal adenomatous polyps, but evidence is insufficient to recommend such supplementation.
Maps Calcium supplement
Side effects
Excessive consumption of antacid calcium carbonate/dietary supplements (such as Tums) for weeks or months can lead to milk-alkali syndrome, with symptoms ranging from hypercalcaemia to fatal renal failure. What constitutes "excessive" consumption is not well known and, it is considered, varies greatly from person to person. People who consumed more than 10 grams/day CaCO 3 (= 4 g Ca) were at risk for the milk-alkali syndrome, but this condition has been reported in at least one person consuming only 2.5 grams/day CaCO 3 (= 1 g Ca), the amount normally considered to be moderate and safe.
Although several studies have shown that excessive calcium intake in food or as a supplement can be attributed to increased cardiovascular mortality, other studies have found no risk, leading the review to conclude that any risk can only be ascertained with further specific research.
Calcium supplements can contribute to the development of kidney stones.
Acute calcium poisoning is rare, and difficult to achieve without intravenous calcium. For example, the median oral median dose (LD 50 ) for mice for calcium carbonate and calcium chloride were 6.45 and 1.4 g/kg, respectively.
Interactions
Calcium supplements by mouth reduce the absorption of thyroxine when taken within four to six hours of each other. Thus, people who take calcium and thyroxine run the risk of inadequate thyroid hormone replacement and from it hypothyroidism if they take it simultaneously or almost simultaneously.
Type
Intravenous calcium formulations include calcium chloride and calcium gluconate. Drinking forms include calcium acetate, calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate and calcium phosphate.
- The absorption of calcium from most commonly used food and dietary supplements is very similar. This goes against what many calcium supplement manufacturers claim in their promotional materials.
- Also different types of juice with calcium are widely available.
- Calcium carbonate is the most common and least expensive calcium supplement. It should be taken with food, and depending on the low pH level (acid) for proper absorption in the intestine. Several studies have shown that the absorption of calcium from calcium carbonate is similar to the absorption of calcium from milk.
- Antacids often contain calcium carbonate, and are commonly used and inexpensive calcium supplements.
- coral calcium is a calcium salt derived from coral reefs that have been fossilized. Coral calcium consists of calcium carbonate and minerals. Claims for unique health benefits for coral calcium have been discredited.
- Calcium citrate may be taken without food and is the preferred supplement for individuals with achlorhydria or who use histamine-2 inhibitors or proton pump inhibitors. Calcium citrate is about 21% of the calcium element. 1000 mg will give 210 mg of calcium. This is more expensive than calcium carbonate and more needs to be taken to get the same amount of calcium.
- Calcium phosphate is more expensive than calcium carbonate, but less than calcium citrate. Microcrystalline Hydroxyapatite (MH) is one of several forms of calcium phosphate used as a dietary supplement. Hydroxyapatite is about 40% calcium.
- Calcium lactate has the same absorption as calcium carbonate, but is more expensive. Calcium lactate and calcium gluconate are a form of calcium that is less concentrated and is not a practical oral supplement.
Vitamin D is added to some calcium supplements. Proper vitamin D status is important because vitamin D is converted into hormones in the body, which then induce the synthesis of intestinal proteins responsible for calcium absorption.
Label
For US dietary supplements and food labeling, the amounts in one portion are expressed in milligrams and as percent of the Daily Value (% DV). The weight is for the calcium part of the compound - for example, calcium citrate - in supplements. For the purpose of labeling 100% calcium from Daily Value is 1000 mg, but by May 2016 it has been revised to 1300 mg. A table of Adult Adult Amount and reference for revision is provided in the Daily Intake Reference. Food and supplement companies have until July 2018 to comply with label changes.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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