Transplanted organs and tissues may refer to organs and tissues that are relatively frequent or routinely transplanted (here "major organs and tissues"), and relatively rarely transplanted organs and tissues in the experimental stage.
Video Transplantable organs and tissues
Organ utama
Heart
Heart transplantation is performed in patients with late-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease. The most common procedure is to take the working heart of the organ donor who just died (allograft) and instill it into the patient. The patient's own heart can be removed (orthotopic procedure) or, more rarely, left to support the donor heart (heterotope procedure). It may also be to take the hearts of other species (xenograft), or inculcate artificial, although the results of these two procedures are less successful than the much more common allografts.
Lung
While lung transplants carry certain associated risks, they can also prolong life expectancy and improve quality of life for late-stage lung patients.
While the exact details of the operation will depend on the exact type of transplant, there are many steps that are common to all of these procedures. Before operating at the recipient, the transplant surgeon checks the donor lungs for signs of damage or disease. If the lungs or lungs are approved, the recipient is connected to the IV line and various monitoring equipment, including pulse oximetry. The patient will be given general anesthesia, and the machine will breathe for it.
It takes about an hour for the patient's preoperative preparation. Lung transplantation takes about four to eight hours, while double lung transplantation takes about six to twelve hours to complete. Previous chest surgery history may complicate procedures and require additional time.
Heart-lung
A heart-lung transplant is a procedure performed to replace the heart and lungs in one operation. Due to the lack of suitable donors, it is a rare procedure; only about one hundred transplants are performed each year in the United States.
Patients are sedated. When donor organs arrive, they are checked for fitness; If any organs show signs of damage, they will be discarded and the operation canceled. To avoid transferring of the receiving organs when donor organs are not feasible, it is standard procedure that the patient is not operated until the donor organ arrives and is assessed accordingly, even though this delay time involves.
Once the appropriate donor organ is present, the surgeon makes the incision start at the top and ends below the breastbone, cutting all the way to the bone. The leather edges are pulled to expose the sternum. Using a bone saw, the sternum is cut down in the middle. The spread of ribs is put into pieces, and spreads the ribs to provide access to the patient's heart and lungs.
The patient is connected to the heart-lung machine, which circulates and blood oxygen. The surgeon lifts the heart and lungs that fail. Most surgeons attempt to cut the blood vessels as close as possible to the heart to leave room for pruning, especially if the donor heart has a different size than the original organ.
The donor's heart and lungs are positioned and sewn in place. When the donor organ warms up to body temperature, the lungs begin to expand. The heart can fibrillate at first - this happens because the heart muscle fibers do not contract simultaneously. The internal paddle can be used to apply a small electric shock to the heart to restore the proper rhythm.
After the donor organ functioned normally, the heart-lung machine was withdrawn, and the chest closed.
Kidney
Kidney transplant is a kidney organ transplant in patients with end-stage renal disease. Kidney transplants are usually classified as dead donors (formerly known as cadavers) or live donor transplants depending on the source of the receiving organs. Live-donor kidney transplants are further characterized as genetically related (unrelated) or unrelated (life-related) genetic transplants, depending on whether there is a biological relationship between the donor and the recipient.
Liver
Liver transplant is the replacement of a sick heart with a healthy liver allograft. The most commonly used technique is orthotopic transplant, where the original liver is removed and the donor organ is placed in the same anatomical location with the original liver. Liver transplant is currently a well-received treatment option for end-stage liver disease and acute liver failure.
Pancreas
pancreatic transplantation involves the planting of a healthy pancreas (which can produce insulin) into a person with diabetes. Because the pancreas performs the necessary functions in the digestive process, the original pancreas of the receiver is left in place, and the donated pancreas is attached to a different location. In the case of a new pancreatic rejection, the recipient can not survive without the original pancreas still present. Healthy pancreas comes from newly deceased donors or possibly partial pancreas from living donors. All pancreatic transplants from living donors are unlikely, again because the pancreas is the organ needed for digestion. Currently, pancreatic transplantation is usually performed in people with insulin-dependent diabetes who have severe complications.
Bowel
Small bowel transplant is the rarest type of transplantation of the most dense organ. Currently, about half are pediatric recipients. The most common indications in adults are ischemia (22%), Crohn's disease (13%), trauma (12%), and desmoid tumor (10%); and in pediatrics, gastroskisis (21%), volvulus (18%), and necrosis enterocolitis (12%). Higher transplant and patient survival rates are seen in more experienced transplant programs. In recent years, 1 year graft and patient survival in more experienced centers have reached 60% to 70% and 65% to 80%, respectively.
Face
Facial transplant is a procedure that is still experimental.
In addition to the skin, optimal transplantation includes bone, along with muscle, skin, blood vessels and nerves.
Maps Transplantable organs and tissues
Network and main cell
Cornea
Corneal transplant is a surgical procedure in which a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced by a donated corneal tissue that has been removed from a recently deceased individual who has no known disease that may affect the survival of the donated tissue. The cornea is the obvious part of the eye in front of the iris and pupil. Surgical procedures are performed by ophthalmologists, medical doctors who specialize in the eyes, and are often performed on outpatients (patients returning home after surgery).
Skin
Skin grafting is often used to treat:
- Extensive injuries or trauma
- Burn
- Previous infection area with extensive skin loss
- Special surgery that may require a skin healing for recovery occurs
Skin grafts are often used after serious injuries when some body skin is damaged. Surgical removal (excision or debridement) of damaged skin followed by skin grafting. The transplant serves two purposes: it can reduce the required treatment trip (and time in the hospital), and can improve the function and appearance of the body area receiving the skin graft.
Hematopoietic stem cells (bone marrow)
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a transplant of blood stem cells from bone marrow (ie,
Stem cell transplants were pioneered using stem cells derived from bone marrow by a team at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center from the 1950s to the 1970s led by E. Donnall Thomas, whose work was later recognized with the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Thomas's work shows that bone marrow cells infused intravenously can repopulate the bone marrow and produce new blood cells. His work also reduces the possibility of developing life-threatening complications called graft-versus-host disease.
The first doctor to do a successful bone marrow transplant was Robert A. Good.
With the availability of GM-CSF and G-CSF stem cell growth factors, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation procedures are now performed using stem cells collected from peripheral blood, rather than bone marrow. Collecting peripheral blood stem cells provides larger grafts, not requiring donors to be subjected to general anesthesia to collect grafts, resulting in shorter time for engraftment, and may provide a lower long-term recurrence rate.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains a risky procedure with many possible complications; it is traditionally reserved for patients with life-threatening disease. While sometimes used experimentally in nonmalignant and non-protective indications such as severe auto-immune disease and cardiovascular disease, the risk of fatal complications seems too high to gain wider acceptance.
Blood
Blood Transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood products from one person to another's circulatory system. Blood transfusions can save lives in some situations, such as massive blood loss due to trauma, or can be used to replace blood loss during surgery. Blood transfusions can also be used to treat severe anemia or thrombocytopenia caused by blood diseases. People who suffer from hemophilia or sickle cell disease may require frequent blood transfusions. Early transfusions use Whole Blood, but modern medical practice uses only blood components.
Other organs
Hands
This operation is performed in the following sequence: bone fixation, tendon repair, arterial repair, nerve repair, venous repair. This operation usually lasts 8 to 12 hours. For comparison, a typical heart transplant surgery lasts 6 to 8 hours.
Hand transplant recipients need to take immunosuppressive drugs, because the body's natural immune system will try to resist, or destroy, the hand. These drugs cause the recipient to have a weakened immune system and suffer even from mild infections.
In 2008, surgeons in Munich transplanted two arms intact. Long-term results are yet to be seen.
Legs
In ischiopagic conjoined twins, healthy feet are transplanted from twin twin who is dying to his sister. No immunosuppression required because genetic is identical with the donor and receiver.
The first leg transplant between genetically different people was performed in 2011, led by surgeon Pedro Cavadas. This procedure gives two legs to double amputations, and recovery works well for about eight months. At that time the man could stand in the pool. However, due to unrelated disease, immunosuppressant must be stopped, and the legs consequently need to be amputated.
Penis
Uterine transplantation is the replacement of the necrotic uterus. Although this procedure has significant potential, it has only been done several times.
Thymus
Thymus transplantation can be used to treat infants with DiGeorge syndrome, which results in an absent or hypoplastic thymus, in turn causing problems with the T cell's immune system mediation response. It is exclusively used in people with complete DiGeorge anomalies, which are entirely athymic. This subgroup represents less than 1% of DiGeorge syndrome patients.
Cells and other networks
Langerhans Island
Islet cell transplantation has the possibility of restoring beta cells and curing diabetes.
The Chicago project leading to the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center is investigating ways to regenerate in vivo beta cells . With that being said, beta cells undergo early apoptosis and are thus destroyed in normal functioning pancreas. This source seems to originate from Pander transfer, a gene that works by sticking to RNA. Pander, when active, causes beta cells to block in phase S, which induces apoptosis. Losing mass of beta cells ultimately leads to the loss of most of the transplanted beta cells.
Heart valve
Biological valve is an animal valve, like a pig, undergoing several chemical procedures to make it suitable for implantation in the human heart. The liver of a pig (or pig) is most similar to a human heart, and therefore represents the best anatomical fit for replacement. Porcine valve implantation is a type of Xenotransplantation, or Xenograft, which means a transplant from one species (in this case a pig) to another. There are several risks associated with Xenograft such as the tendency of the human body to reject foreign matter. Drugs can be used to inhibit this effect, but it does not always work.
Ovary
An ovarian transplant, which leads to a successful pregnancy, has so far only been done on identical twins, and will produce children who will have genetic inheritance of organ donors and not recipients. More importantly, the use of ovarian transplants from genetically identical donors prevents rejection of donated organs. It passes the need for immune suppressants to maintain the function of the donated ovaries, which are not essential for survival. More importantly, many immunosuppressants, such as mycophenolate mofetil, can cause birth defects.
See also
- Organ transplants
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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