Atrophy is partly or fully from some parts of the body. Causes of atrophy include mutations (which can destroy genes to build organs), poor food, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply to target organs, excessive amounts of apoptotic cells, and unused or lack of intrinsic exercise or disease the network itself. In medical practice, hormonal and neuronal inputs that maintain the organ or body part are said to have a trophic effect . The reduced trophic muscle condition is referred to as atrophy . Atrophy is a decrease in the size of a cell, organ or tissue, after achieving normal normal growth. Conversely, hypoplasia is a reduction in the size of cells, organs, or tissues that have not reached normal maturity.
Atrophy is a common physiological process of reabsorption and tissue splitting, which involves apoptosis. When it occurs as a result of disease or loss of trophic support due to other diseases, it is called pathological atrophy, although it can be part of normal body development and homeostasis as well.
Video Atrophy
Perkembangan normal
Examples of atrophy as part of normal development include shrinking and thymic involution in early childhood, and tonsils in adolescence. In old age, effects include, but are not limited to, tooth loss, hair, skin thinning that creates wrinkles, muscle weakness, loss of weight in organs and sluggish mental activity.
Maps Atrophy
Muscle atrophy
Unused atrophy of muscle and bone, with loss of mass and strength, can occur after prolonged immobility, such as extra sleep, or having a body part in the cast (living in darkness for the eyes, lying in bed for legs etc.). This type of atrophy can usually be reversed with exercise except weight. Astronauts in microgravity should exercise regularly to minimize the atrophy of their extremity muscles.
There are many diseases and conditions that cause muscle mass atrophy. For example, diseases such as cancer and AIDS induce a body-wasting syndrome called cachexia , which is notorious for severe muscle atrophy seen. Syndrome or other conditions that can cause skeletal muscle atrophy are congestive heart failure and liver disease.
During aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass. This condition is called sarcopenia , and may differ from atrophy in its pathophysiology. While the exact cause of sarcopenia is unknown, it may be due to a combination of gradual failure in satellite cells that help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibers, and decreased sensitivity to or availability of secreted growth factor critical that is necessary to maintain muscle mass and survival of satellite cells.
Dystrophies, myositis, and motor neuron conditions
Pathological atrophy of the muscle may occur with motor neurological disease or disease in the muscle tissue itself. Examples of atrophic neurological diseases include Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease), and Guillain-Barrà © Å © syndrome. Examples of atrophic muscle diseases include muscular dystrophy, myotonia congenita, and myotonic dystrophy.
Changes in Na channel isoform expression and spontaneous activity in muscles called fibrillation can also cause muscle atrophy.
Atrophy of the gland
Atrophy of the adrenal glands during long-term use of exogenous glucocorticoids such as prednisone. Breast atrophy can occur with prolonged decrease in estrogen, such as anorexia nervosa or menopause. Testicular atrophy can occur with long-term use of sufficient exogenous steroids (both androgens and estrogens) to reduce gonadotropin secretion.
Vaginal atrophy
In postmenopausal women, the vaginal wall becomes thinner (atrophic vaginitis). The mechanisms for age-related conditions are unclear, although there is a theory that the effects are caused by a decrease in estrogen levels. This atrophy, and breast simultaneously, is consistent with the role of homeostasis (normal development) of atrophy in general, such as after menopause the body has no further functional biological needs to maintain a reproductive system that has been permanently closed.
Research
One drug tested seemed to prevent the type of muscle loss that occurs in immobilized and bedridden patients. Tests in mice showed that it inhibited the activity of proteins present in the muscles involved in muscle atrophy. However, the long-term effects of such drugs on the heart preclude their regular use in humans, and other drugs are being sought.
See also
- Olivopontocerebellar atrophy
- Optic atrophy
- Spinomuscular atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- List of biological developmental disorders
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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