Vellum is an animal skin or "membrane" used as a writing material. This term comes from the Latin word vitulinum which means "made of calf", leading to the ancient French velin for "calf". Parchment is another term for this material category. If vellum is distinguished, it is with vellum made from the skin of the calf, compared to that of other animals, or otherwise of a higher quality. Vellum is prepared as a surface for writing (or printing) to produce scrolls, single pages, codes or books.
Modern clerics and carers increasingly use only "membranes" that are safe, if confusing. Depending on factors such as preparation methods it may be very difficult to determine which animal species are involved (let alone age) without using a laboratory, and the term avoids the need to distinguish between vellum and parchment.
Vellum is generally smooth and durable, although there is considerable variation depending on the preparation and quality of the skin. Making involves cleaning, bleaching, stretching the frame ("herse"), and scratching the skin with a crescent-shaped knife ("lunarium" or "lunellum"). To create tension, scratches interspersed with wetting and drying. The final result can be achieved by smoothing the surface with a pumice stone, and treating it with lime or lime preparation to make it accept writing or printing ink.
Modern "vellum paper" is made of synthetic plant material, and is referred to as for its use and quality similarity. Vellum paper is used for a variety of purposes including search, technical drawings, plans and blueprints.
Video Vellum
Terminology
In Europe, from Roman times, the term "vellum" was used for the best quality of prepared leather, regardless of the animal from which it was obtained, the calves, sheep and goats were all commonly used (other animals, including pigs, deer, donkeys, horse, or camel has been used). Although the term is derived from the French for "calves", animal vellum may include hiding from other mammals. The best quality, "uterine vellum", is said to be made of animal skin that was stillborn or unborn, although the term is also applied to good quality leather made from young animals. However, there has been a long blur of boundaries between these terms. In 1519, William Horman was able to write in his book Vulgaria: "The stouffe we ​​urinate, and made of beestis skynnes, are some called parchements, somtyme velem, somtyme abortyve, somtyme membraan." Writing in 1936, Lee Ustick explained that:
At present the difference, among the collectors of manuscripts, is that vellum is a very fine skin shape, the form of coarse, coarse, usually thick, coarse, less subtle than vellum, but without the difference between calf skin, or sheep, or goats.
French sources, closer to the original etymology, tend to define velin just from the calf, while the British Standard Institution defines the parchment as being made of the split skin of several species, and the vellum of the skin is not attached. In the use of practitioners of modern handicraft art, illuminating, writing, and bookbinding, "vellum" is usually reserved for calf skin, while other skins are called "parchment".
Maps Vellum
Producing
Vellum is a translucent material produced from the skin, often split, from young animals. The skin is washed with water and lime (Calcium hydroxide), but not simultaneously. Then soaked in lime for several days to soften and remove hair. Once clear, the two sides of the skin are different: the side that faces the animal and the side of the hair. "The inside of the body" the skin is usually lighter and more subtle than the two. Hair follicles can be seen on the outside, along with scar tissue created when the animal is alive. The membrane may also show the pattern of venous tissue of animals called "veins" of the sheet.
The remaining hair is removed ("scudding") and the skin is dried by attaching it to the frame ("herse"). The skin is attached to the points around the circle with a rope; to prevent tearing, the maker wraps the leather area where the rope will be fitted around the gravel ("pippin"). The maker then uses a crescent-shaped knife, ("lunarium" or "lunellum"), to clean the rest of the hair.
Once the skin is completely dry, it is completely cleaned and processed into sheets. The number of sheets extracted from the piece of skin depends on the size of the skin and the dimensions requested by the order. For example, the average calf skin can provide three and a half sheets of writing material. It can be duplicated when folded into two conjoin leaves, also known as bifolium. Historians have found evidence of manuscripts in which the scribe wrote down the medieval instructions now followed by modern membrane-makers. The membrane is then rubbed with a round, flat object ("pounced") to ensure that the ink will adhere properly.
Manuscript
Preparing a script
After vellum is prepared, quire is traditionally formed from a group of several sheets. Raymond Clemens and Timothy Graham show, in their Introduction to the Study of Manuscripts, that "quire was the basic scribal writing unit throughout the Middle Ages." Guidelines are then made on the membrane. They note that "piercing" is the process of making a hole in a piece of parchment (or membrane) in the preparation of its decision.The lines are then made by the ruler between the puncture marks... The process enters the borders on the page to serve as a guide for entering text. large manuscripts are ruled by a horizontal line that serves as the base line where the text is inserted and with a vertical line marking the boundaries of the column ".
Usage
Most of the more subtle medieval manuscripts, either irradiated or not, are written on vellum. Some Gandharan Buddhist texts are written on vellum, and all Sifrei Torah (Hebrew: Sefer Torah: plural: ??????, Sifrei Torah) is written in kosher klaf or vellum.
A quarter-edition of 180 copies of Johannes Gutenberg's first Bible printed in 1455 with a transferable type were also printed on vellum, probably because the market was expecting this for high-quality books. Paper is used for most book printing, because it is cheaper and easier to process through printing and binding machines.
In art, vellum is used for painting, especially if they need to be sent remotely, before the canvas becomes widely used around 1500, and continues to be used for images, and watercolors. Old master prints are sometimes printed on vellum, especially for copies of presentations, until at least the seventeenth century.
Limp vellum or bunch of granary parchment is often used in the 16th and 17th centuries, and sometimes gold but also often not decorated. In the following centuries, vellum is more commonly used as a skin, ie as a rigid board cover. Vellum can be stained with any color but is rare, as most of its beauty and charm lies in the grain and marks of its vague hair, and its warmth and simplicity.
Lasting more than 1,000 years - Gregory the Great, Pastoral Care (Troyes, BibliothÃÆ'ce Municipale, MS 504), for example dates from about 600 and in excellent condition - animal vellum can be much more durable than paper. For this reason, many important documents are written on animals, such as diplomas. Referring to the diploma as "sheepskin" alluded to a time when the diploma was written on vellum made of animal skin.
Modern usage
British Acts of Parliament is still printed on vellum for archival purposes, as well as from the Republic of Ireland. In February 2016, the UK House of Lords announced that legislation would be printed on a non vellum filing paper traditionally from April 2016. However, Cabinet Office Minister Matthew Hancock intervened by agreeing to fund the ongoing use of the cabinet office budget.
Today, due to low demand and complex manufacturing processes, vellum animals are expensive and hard to find. The only British company that still produces traditional parchment and vellum is William Cowley (founded in 1870), based in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire. Modern imitation made of cotton. Known as vellum paper, this material is much cheaper than animal vellum and can be found in most art and designing equipment stores. Some brands of writing paper and other paper types use the term "vellum" to suggest quality.
Vellum is still used for Jewish scrolls, especially Torah, for books on the binding of fancy books, and for various documents in calligraphy. It is also used in instruments such as banjo and bodhran, although synthetic leather is also available for this instrument.
vellum paper
Modern imitation vell is made of cotton fabric or fiber from the bark of the interior tree. Conditions include: vellum paper, Japanese vellum, and vegetable vellum. Vellum paper is usually translucent and its various sizes are often used in applications where search is required, such as architectural plans. It is more dimensionally stable than linen or sheet paper, which is often important in the development of large-scale images such as blueprints. Vellum paper also becomes very important in hand or chemical reproduction technology for the deployment of copy plans. Like traditional high-quality vellum, vellum Paper can be produced thin enough to be nearly transparent to strong light, allowing source images to be used directly in the image reproduction used in the field.
Preservation
Vellum is ideally stored in a stable environment with a constant temperature and 30% (Â ± 5%) relative humidity. If vellum is stored in an environment with a relative humidity of less than 11%, it becomes brittle, fragile, and susceptible to mechanical stress; if stored in an environment with a relative humidity of more than 40%, it becomes susceptible to gelation and growth of mold or fungus. The optimal temperature for vellum preservation is 20 Â ± 1.5 Â ° C (68 Â ± 2.7 Â ° F).
See also
- Hidden material history
Note
References
- Clemens, Raymond; Graham, Timothy (2007). Introduction to the Manuscript Study . Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN: 978-0-8014-3863-9.
- "Drafting": Dana J. Hepler, Paul Ross Wallach, Donald Hepler, Design and Design for Architecture & amp; Construction , 9th edition, 2012, Learning Cengage, ISBN 1111128138, 9781111128135, google book
- Stokes, Roy Bishop, Almagno, Romano Stephen, Esdaile Bibliography Handbook , 6th ed., 2001, Scarecrow Press, ISBNÃ, 0810839229, 9780810839229, google book
- Ustick, W. Lee (1936). " ' Parchment' and 'vellum ' ". Library . Ser ser. 16 (4): 439-43.
External links
- Demonstration on-line vellum preparation from BNF, Paris - French text, but mostly visual.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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