Turtles are diapsid from the order of Testudines (or Chelonii ) characterized by a special bone shell or cartilage developed from the ribs and acts as a shield. "Turtle" can refer to the order in its entirety (American English) or to the freshwater and sea testudines (English English). The Testudines command includes species that are still alive and extinct. The earliest known members of this group came from 220 million years ago , making turtles one of the oldest groups of reptiles and a group more ancient than snakes or crocodiles. Of the 356 species known to live today, some are highly threatened.
Turtles are ectotomies - animals commonly called cold-blooded - meaning that their internal temperatures vary according to the surrounding environment. However, because of their high metabolic rate, leatherback turtles have a much higher body temperature than the surrounding water. Turtles are classified as amniotes, along with other reptiles, birds, and mammals. Like other amniotes, turtles breathe air and do not lay their eggs under water, although many species live in or around the water. The study of turtles is called cheloniology, after the Greek word for the tortoise. Sometimes also called testudinology, after the Latin name for the tortoise.
Video Turtle
Turtle, kura-kura, atau terrapin
Differences exist in the use of general terms tortoises , tortoises , and terrapin , depending on the English variation used. These terms are common names and do not reflect any appropriate biological or taxonomic distinctions.
The turtles may refer to the order as a whole, or certain turtles that form taxon shapes that are not monophyletic, or may be limited to aquatic species only. Tortoise usually refers to chelonians who do not live on land and do not swim. Terrapin is used to describe some species of edible small turtles, usually, usually found in brackish waters.
In North America, all chelonians are generally called turtles . tortoise is only used in reference to the complete tortoises or, more narrowly, only the members of Testudinidae, the family of modern tortoises. Terrapin may refer to small semi-aquatic turtles that live in fresh and brackish water, especially diamond terrapin ( Malaclemys terrapin ). Although members of the genus Terrapene mostly dwell on land, they are referred to as box turtles rather than turtles. The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists use "tortoises" to describe all species of the Testudines order, regardless of whether they live on land or at sea, and use "turtles" as a more specific term for slow-moving terrestrial species.
In the UK, the word "turtle" is used for water-dwelling species, including those known in the US as terrapins, but not for terrestrial species, known only as turtles.
The word chelonian is very popular among veterinarians, scientists and conservationists who work with these animals as a name that all Chelento superorder members can capture, including all living and extinct turtles, and directly their ancestors. Chelonia is based on the Greek word for the turtle, ?????? chelone ; Testudines , on the other hand, is based on the Latin word for the turtle, testudo . Terrapin comes from the word Algonquian for turtles.
Some languages ​​do not have this difference, because all these are called by the same name. For example, in Spanish, the word tortuga is used for turtles, turtles, and terrapin. A sea turtle is a tortuga marina, a freshwater species of tortuga de rÃÆ'o, and a tortuga terrestre tortoise.
Maps Turtle
Anatomy and morphology
The largest living chelonian is the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea ), which reaches a shell length of 200 cm (6.6 feet) and can weigh over 900 kg (2,000 pounds). Freshwater turtles are generally smaller, but with the largest species, the softshell Asian turtle Pelochelys cantorii, some individuals have been reported up to 200 cm (6.6 ft). This dwarf is even better known as the famous cork crocodile, the largest chelonian in North America, which reaches a shell length of up to 80 cm (2.6 feet) and weighs 113.4 kg (250 pounds).
Giant tortoises from the Geochelone, Mayolania, and other genera are widely spread throughout the world to prehistoric times, and are known to exist in North and South America, Australia and Africa. They became extinct at the same time as the emergence of humans, and it was assumed humans hunted them down for food. The only surviving giant tortoises are on the Seychelles and Galapagos Islands and can grow to over 130 cm (51 inches), and weigh about 300 kg (660 pounds).
The biggest is the chelonian is Archelon ischyros, the known Cretaceous sea turtle known for having reached 4.6 m (15 ft) in length.
The smallest turtle is a freckled shepherded turtle from South Africa. Its size is no more than 8 cm (3.1 inches) and weighs about 140 g (4.9 oz). Two other species of small turtles are the American mud tortoises and musk turtles that live in areas ranging from Canada to South America. The shell length of many species in this group is less than 13 cm (5.1 inches) in length.
Neck retraction
The tortoises are divided into two groups, according to how they pull their necks into their shells (something that Proganochelys ancestors can not do). The neck retraction mechanism differs phylogenetically: the pleurodira subordo shortens laterally to the side, anterior to the shoulder girdle, while the Cryptodira subordo shortens backward, between the girdle's shoulders. This movement is largely due to the morphology and regulation of cervical vertebrae. Of all the recent turtles, the cervical column consists of nine joints and eight vertebrae, which are individually independent. Because the vertebra is not fused and round, the neck is more flexible, able to bend towards the back and sideways. The main function and evolutionary implications of neck retraction are considered to feed rather than protection. Neck retraction and reciprocal extension allow turtles to reach further to capture prey while swimming. Neck expansion creates suction when the head is pushed forward and the oropharynx is expanded, and this morphology shows the retraction function for feeding purposes because suction helps capture the prey. Shell protection provides the head when it is pulled is therefore not the main function of retraction, thus an exaptation. As for the differences between the two methods of retraction, both Pleurodirans and Cryptodirans use rapid neck extensions as a predation method, so the differences in retracting mechanisms are not due to differences in the ecological niche.
Head
Most turtles who spend most of their lives on land have eyes looking toward things in front of them. Some water turtles, such as broken turtles and soft-neck turtles, have eyes that are closer to the top of the head. These turtle species can hide from predators in shallow waters, where they are completely submerged, except their eyes and nostrils. Near their eyes, sea turtles have glands that produce salty tears that rid their bodies of excess salt taken from the water they drink.
Turtles have a stiff beak and use their jaws to cut and chew food. Instead of having teeth, which seem to have been lost about 150-200 million years ago, the upper and lower jaws of the turtles are covered by ridges. Carnivorous turtles usually have a sharp ridge to cut off their prey. Herbivore turtles have jagged edges that help them cut out tough plants. They use their tongues to swallow food, but unlike most reptiles, they can not stick out their tongues to catch food.
Shell
The upper skin of the turtle is called the carapace. The lower skin that wraps around the abdomen is called a plastron. Karapaks and plastrons join together on the side of the tortoise by a bone structure called a bridge. The inner layer of the tortoise shell consists of about 60 bones including the spine and ribs, meaning the tortoise can not crawl out of its shell. In most turtles, the outer layer of the shell is covered by scales called scales that are part of the outer shell, or epidermis. Scute consists of fibrous protein keratin which also composes the scales of other reptiles. This shrinks overlap between the shell bone stitch and adds power to the shell. Some turtles do not have horn scales; for example, leatherback turtles and soft-toed turtles have skin covered with rough skin.
The shape of the shell provides helpful hints on how the turtle lives. Most turtles have large dome-shaped shells that make it difficult for predators to destroy the shell between their jaws. One of the few exceptions is the African pancake tortoise, which has a flexible and supple shell that lets it hide in stone crevices. Most water turtles have thin, slim shells, which help in swimming and diving. American tortoises and tortoises have small cross-shaped plastrons that give them more efficient foot movements to walk along the bottom of ponds and rivers. Another exception is the Turtle Belawan (Cirebon, West Java), which has a sunken soft-shell.
The color of the tortoise shell can vary. Shells are usually brown, black, or olive green. In some species, the shell may have red, orange, yellow, or gray markings, often irregular spots, lines, or spots. One of the most colorful turtles is the eastern painted turtle, which includes a yellow plastron and a black or olive shell with red marks around the edges.
Turtles, being ground-based, have a rather heavy shell. In contrast, water turtles and soft shells have lighter shells that help them avoid drowning in water and swim faster with more agility. This lighter shell has a large space called the fontanelles between the shell's bones. The shell of leatherback turtles is very light because they are not scaly and contain many fontanels.
It has been suggested by Jackson (2002) that turtle shells can serve as pH buffers. To survive through anoxic conditions, such as winters trapped under ice or in anoxic mud at the bottom of a pond, tortoises use two common physiological mechanisms. In the case of prolonged periods of anoxia, it has been shown that turtle shells release carbonate buffers and lactic acid uptake.
Respiration
Respiration, for many amniotes, is achieved by contraction and relaxation of certain muscle groups (ie intercostal, abdominal muscles, and/or diaphragm) attached to the internal ribs that can expand or contract the body wall thus helping the flow of air in and out of the lungs. However, the Chelon ribs blend with their carapace and beyond their pelvic and chest girdles, a unique feature among the turtles. This rigid shell is not capable of expansion, and by making its ribs immobile, Testudines must evolve for a special adaptation for respiration.
Turtle lung ventilation occurs by using certain groups of abdominal muscles attached to the viscera and its shells that attract the lungs in a ventral way during inspiration, where air is drawn through a negative pressure gradient (Boyle's Law). In expiration, the contraction of the transverse abdominus is the driving force by pushing the viscera into the lungs and expelling air under positive pressure. In contrast, relaxation and levitation of the oblique abdominal muscles attract transversus backs that, again, draw air back to the lungs. The important additional muscles used for the ventilation process are pectoralis, used in conjunction with transversal abdominis during inspiration, and serratus, which travels with the oblique abdomen that accompanies the expiration end.
The lung Testudines are multi-chambered and attach the entire length to the carapace. The number of rooms can vary between taxa, although most often they have three lateral rooms, three medial rooms, and one terminal room. As mentioned earlier, the action of certain abdominal muscles pulling down the viscera (or pushing back) is what allows for respiration on the turtle. In particular, it is a large heart of turtles that pull or push in the lungs. Ventral to the lungs, in the coelomic cavity, the tortoise liver attaches directly to the right lung, and their stomach is directly attached to the left lung by the ventral mesopneumonium, which is attached to their liver by the ventral mesenterium. When the heart is pulled down, inspiration begins. Supporting the lungs is the post-lung septum, which is found in all Testudines, and is thought to prevent the lung from collapsing.
Skin and skin change
As mentioned above, the outer layer of the shell is part of the skin; each scute (or plate) on the shell corresponds to a single modification scale. Leather residue has a much smaller scale, similar to other reptile skins. Turtles do not drown their skin as well as snakes, but continuously in small pieces. When tortoises are kept in aquariums, small sheets of dead skin can be seen in the water (often looks like a thin piece of plastic) that has been peeled off when the animals deliberately rub themselves against a piece of wood or stone. The tortoises also spill the skin, but the dead skin is allowed to accumulate into knobs and thick plates that provide protection to the body parts outside the shell.
By counting the rings formed by older and older beak stacks above the larger, newer ones, it is possible to estimate the age of the tortoise, if one knows how many scutes are produced in a year. This method is not very accurate, partly because the growth rate is not constant, but also because some layers are finally released from the shell.
Limbs
Land tortoises have solid short legs. Turtles are notorious for moving slowly, in part because of their heavy and complicated shells, which limit the length of their steps.
Amphibious tortoises usually have limbs similar to tortoises, except that the feet are enclosed and often have long claws. The turtles swim using their four legs in a manner similar to a dog paddle, with legs on the left and right side of the body alternating giving encouragement. Large turtles tend to swim less than the smaller, and very large species, such as crocodiles biting the turtles, almost no swim at all, prefer to walk along the river or lake bottom. As well as the corpse feet, turtles have very long claws, used to help them climb to the rivers and floats above them to sunbathe. Male tortoises tend to have very long claws, and this seems to be used to stimulate females during mating. While most of the turtles have a covered leg, some, like pork turtles, have the right fin, with the fingers tied together to be a small paddle and claw. These species swim in the same way as sea turtles (see below).
Sea turtles are almost entirely aquatic and have fins instead of feet. Turtles fly across the water, using up and down motions from the front fins to generate a boost; The rear legs are not used for propulsion but can be used as the steering wheel. Compared to freshwater turtles, sea turtles have very limited mobility on land, and apart from the dash from the nest to the sea as a hatchling boy, the male sea turtles usually never leave the sea. Females should return ashore to lay their eggs. They move very slowly and laboriously, dragging themselves forward with their fins.
Behavior
Sense
Turtles are thought to have remarkable night vision because of the large number of stem cells in their retinas. Turtles have color vision with many cone subtypes with sensitivity ranging from near ultraviolet (UVA) to red. Some tortoises have very poor chase capabilities, usually found only in fast-moving prey predators, but carnivorous turtles are able to move their heads quickly to break.
Communications
Although usually regarded as silent, turtles make various sounds when communicating. Turtles can be vocal when dating and mating. Various species of freshwater and sea turtles emit various types of calls, often short and low frequencies, from the time they are in the eggs until they grow up. This vocalization can serve to create group cohesion when migrating.
Intelligence
It has been reported that wooden turtles are better than white rats while learning to navigate the labyrinth. The case study there is a turtle playing. However, they have very low intelligence encephalization (brain relative to body mass), and their hard shells allow them to live without fast reflexes or complicated predator avoidance strategies. In the laboratory, the tortoise (Pseudemys nelsoni ) can learn new operand tasks and has shown long-term memory of at least 7.5 months.
Ecology and curriculum vita
Although many turtles spend a lot of their lives underwater, all tortoises and turtles breathe in the air and should appear regularly to fill their lungs. They can also spend a lot or all of their lives on dry land. Water Respiration at Australian freshwater turtles is currently being studied. Some species have large cloacal cavities lined with many projections such as fingers. This projection, called papillae, has a rich blood supply and increases the surface area of ​​the cloaca. Turtles can take dissolved oxygen from water using this papillae, in the same way as fish use gills to breathe.
Like other reptiles, the turtles lay eggs a bit soft and rough. The eggs of the largest species are round and the remaining eggs are elongated. Their albums are white and contain different proteins from the birds' eggs, so they will not thicken when cooked. The turtle eggs prepared for food consist primarily of egg yolks. In some species, the temperature determines whether the eggs develop into male or female: higher temperatures cause women, lower temperatures lead to males. A large number of eggs are stored in holes dug into mud or sand. They are then closed and left to hatch themselves. Depending on the species, eggs will usually take 70-120 days to hatch. When the turtles hatch, they stretch to the surface and head toward the water. No species is known where the mother takes care of her child.
Sea turtles lay their eggs on dry, sandy beaches. Adult turtles have not been cared for by adults. Turtles can take years to reach the age of mating, and in many cases, breed every few years rather than every year.
Researchers have recently discovered turtle organs do not gradually break down or become less efficient over time, unlike most other animals. It was found that the heart, lungs, and kidneys of centenarian tortoises are almost indistinguishable from those of the immature. This has inspired genetic researchers to begin examining the turtle's genome for longevity genes.
A group of turtles is known as a bale.
Diet
The turtle diet varies greatly depending on the environment in which it lives. Adult turtles usually feed on aquatic plants; invertebrates such as insects, snails, and worms; and has been reported to occasionally eat dead sea animals. Some small species of freshwater are carnivores, eat small fish and a variety of aquatic life. However, protein is very important for the growth of turtles and pure carnivorous young turtles.
Turtles usually eat jellyfish, sponges, and other soft-bodied organisms. Several species of marine turtles with stronger jaws have been observed eating shellfish while some species, such as green turtles, do not eat meat at all and, on the other hand, have diets consisting mostly of algae.
Systematics and evolution
Based on body fossils, the first proto-turtle is believed to have existed in the Mesozoic Triassic Triassic Period, some 220 million years ago, and its shell, which remains a highly stable body plan, is thought to have evolved from bone extensions from the spine and bone wide ribs that expand and grow together form a perfect shell that offers protection at every stage of its evolution, even when its shell component is incomplete. This is supported by the freshwater fossil of Odontochelys semitestacea or the "half shell tortoise with teeth", from the late Triassic, which has been found near Guangling in southwest China. Odontochelys features a complete bone plastron and incomplete carapace, similar to the early stages of embryo development of a turtle. Prior to this discovery, the earliest known fossil turtle ancestors, such as Proganochelys , terrestrial and having a complete shell, gave no indication of the evolution of this remarkable anatomical feature. At the end of the Jurassic, turtles have become widespread, and their fossil history becomes more readable.
Their exact ancestors have been disputed. It is believed they are the only surviving branch of the ancient evolutionary class Anapsida, which includes groups such as prokolofon, millerettids, protorothyrid, and pareiasaurs. All the anapsid skulls do not have a temporary opening while all the remaining amniot has a temporary hole (although in mammals, the hole has become a zygomatic arch). The millerettids, protorothyrids, and pareiasaurs became extinct in the late Permian and prokolofonoid periods during the Triassic.
However, it is then suggested that the skull of an anapsid-like turtle may be caused by a reversal rather than anapsid offspring. The latest morphological phylogenetic study with this in mind places the tortoise firmly inside the diapsid, slightly closer to Squamata than Archosauria. All molecular research strongly supports the placement of turtles within the diapsid; some of the turtle sites in Archosauria, or, more generally, as sister groups for archosaurs that still exist, although the analysis done by Lyson et al. (2012) restores the turtles as a group of lepidosaur sisters instead. Earlier phylogenic reanalysis showed that they classified tortoises as anapsid because they assumed this classification (most of them studied the anapsid tortoise type) and because they did not take fossil samples and taxa that existed large enough to build a cladogram. Testudines are advised to deviate from other diapsids between 200 and 279 million years ago, although the debate is still far from settled. Even the traditional placement of turtles outside of Diapsida can not be ruled out at this time. The combined analysis of morphological and molecular data performed by Lee (2001) found the tortoise to be anapsid (although the relationship with archosaurs can not be statistically rejected). Similarly, a morphological study conducted by Lyson et al. . (2010) restore them as the most closely related anapsid to Eunotosaurus . The molecular analysis of 248 core genes of 16 vertebrate taxa indicates that the tortoise is a group of siblings for birds and crocodiles (Archosauria). The date of separation of turtles and birds and crocodiles is estimated 255 million years ago . The latest common ancestor of living turtles, according to the split between Pleurodira and Cryptodira, is thought to have occurred about 157 million years ago . The oldest group crown turtle (a member of the modern Testade clade) is a species of Caribemys oxfordiensis from the late Jurassic period (Oxford stage). Through the utilization of the first genome-scale phylogenetic analysis of ultrasonervic elements (UCEs) to investigate the placement of turtles in reptiles, Crawford et al. (2012) also suggests that turtles are groups of siblings for birds and crocodiles. (Archosauria).
The first genome phylogenetic analysis was completed by Wang et al. (2013). Using the chromosome design Chelonia mydas and Pelodiscus sinensis, the team used the largest turtle data collection to date in their analysis and concluded that the probable turtle was a group of crocodile sisters and birds (Archosauria ). This placement in diapsids shows that the turtle lineage loses the characteristics of the skull diapsid because it now has a skull that resembles a skull.
Members of hawksbill known to be the earliest and peeled are the final Trias Proganochelys . This genus has had many advanced turtle properties, and thus may show millions of years of turtle evolution before; this is further supported by evidence from fossil traces from the Early Triassic of the United States (Wyoming and Utah) and from the Central Triass of Germany, suggesting that proto-tortoises existed early as early as Trias. Proganochelys has no ability to pull his head into his shell, has a long neck, and has a long, thorny tail that ends at a club. While this body shape is similar to ankylosauria, it results from convergent evolution.
Turtles are divided into two extant subordos: Cryptodira and Pleurodira. Cryptodira is the largest of the two groups and includes all sea turtles, tortoises, and many of the freshwater turtles. Pleurodira is sometimes known as a side-necked turtle, a reference to the way they retract their heads into their shells. This smaller group mainly consists of various freshwater turtles.
Classification of the tortoise
The hatching and nestling size turtle fossils have been documented in the scientific literature. Paleontologists from North Carolina State University have discovered the remains of the world's largest turtle fossil in a coal mine in Colombia. The specimen named Carbonemys cofrinii is about 60 million years old and almost 2.4 m (8 ft) in length.
On some rare occasions, paleontologists have found large numbers of Jurassic or Cretaceous turtle shells accumulated in a single area (Nemegt Formation in Mongolia, Turtle Tombs in North Dakota, or Black Mountain Turtle Layers in Wyoming). The most spectacular discovery of this type to date occurred in 2009 at Shanshan County in Xinjiang, where over a thousand freshwater turtles seem to die after the last hole in the dry area during a major drought.
Although absent from New Zealand in recent years, turtle fossils are known from Miocene Saint Bathans Fauna, represented by meiolaniids and pleurodires.
Genomics
Turtles have diverse chromosome numbers (2n = 28-66) and a myriad of chromosome rearrangements have occurred during evolution.
As a pet
Some sea turtles, especially tortoises and small freshwater, are kept as pets. Among the most popular are Russian turtles, turtle thighs, and red-eared sliders.
In the United States, due to the ease of contracting salmonellosis through casual contact with turtles, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established a regulation in 1975 to stop sales of turtles below 4 in (100 mm). It should be illegal in every US state for anyone to sell any turtles under 4 inches (10 cm) in length, but many shops and flea markets still sell small turtles because of loopholes in FDA regulations that allow turtles under 4 in (100 mm) for sale for educational purposes.
Some states have laws and regulations regarding the ownership of red sliders as pets because they are seen as invasive or pest species where they are not original, but have been introduced through pet trade. As of July 1, 2007, it is illegal in Florida to sell all kinds of wild-eared red sliders. Unusual color varieties such as albino and red pastel eared sliders, which come from captivity, are still allowed to be sold in the country. As for food, traditional medicine, and cosmetics
Turtle meat, calipash or calipee, is and is still considered a delicacy in a number of cultures. Turtle soup has become a valuable dish in Anglo-American cuisine, and still remains so in some parts of Asia. Gopher tortoise stew is popular in some groups in Florida.
Turtles remain part of the traditional food on the island of Grand Cayman, so much so that when wild stocks become exhausted, a tortoise farm is set up specifically to increase turtles for their meat. Livestock also releases specimens into the wild as part of an effort to replenish the Caribbean Sea.
Fat from turtles is also used in the Caribbean and in Mexico as the main ingredient in cosmetics, marketed under the Spanish name crema de tortuga .
Turtle plastrons (part of the shell that covers the tortoise from below) are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine; according to statistics, Taiwan imports hundreds of tons of plastron each year. Popular drug preparations based on powdered turtle plastron (and various herbs) are jelly; lately, it is usually made only with herbal ingredients.
Conservation status
In February 2011, the Diving Turtle and Freshwater Turtles Group published a report on 25 species of turtles most likely to become extinct, with more than 40 highly-risk species becoming extinct. This list does not include sea turtles, however, both starfruit and ridley Kemp will be the top 25 list. This report will be updated within four years allowing to follow the evolution of the list. Between 48 and 54% of their 328 species considered threatened, turtles and turtles are at a much higher risk of extinction than many other vertebrates. Of 263 species of freshwater and terrestrial turtles, 117 species are considered Threatened, 73 species are Endangered or Very Endangered and 1 Extinct. Of the 58 species belonging to the Testudinidae family, 33 species are threatened, 18 are endangered or critically endangered, 1 extinct in the wild and 7 extinct species. 71% of all turtle species are lost or nearly lost. Asian species are the most threatened, followed by five endemic species from Madagascar. Tortoids face many threats, including habitat destruction, harvesting for consumption, and pet trade. The high extinction risk for Asian species is mainly due to long-term exploitation of unsustainable turtles and turtles for traditional Chinese medicine and treatment, and to a lesser extent for international pet trade.
Efforts have been made by Chinese businessmen to meet the rising demand for turtle meat as gourmet food and traditional medicine with turtles being cultivated instead of being caught wildly; according to a study published in 2007, more than a thousand turtle farms operate in China. Turtle farms in Oklahoma and Louisiana increase turtles for export to China as well.
Nevertheless, wild tortoises continue to be captured and sent to markets in large numbers (also for turtle farms, for use as captive breeding), resulting in a situation described by conservationists as the "Asian turtle crisis". In the words of the biologist George Amato, "the number and volume of captured turtles... sucks all species from areas of Southeast Asia", even when biologists still do not know how many different turtle species live in the region the. About 75% of the 90 turtles and Asian turtle species are thought to have become threatened.
Harvesting wild turtles is legal in some states in the US. In one of these states, Florida, only one seafood company in Fort Lauderdale was reported in 2008 for buying about 5,000 pounds of softshell turtle a week. The harvester (hunter) is paid about $ 2 per pound; some managed to capture as many as 30-40 turtles (500 pounds) on a good day. Some catch up to local restaurants, while most are exported to Asia. The Queensland Conservation and Fish Conservation Commission estimates in 2008 that about 3,000 pounds of softshell turtles are exported every week through Tampa International Airport.
Nevertheless, most of the turtles exported from the United States are farm-raised. According to one estimate by the World Chelonian Trust, about 97% of the 31.8 million animals harvested in the US over a three-year period (November 4, 2002 - November 26, 2005) are exported. It is estimated (perhaps, during the period 2002-2005) that about 47% of turtle export went to the People's Republic of China (mainly to Hong Kong), another 20% to Taiwan, and 11% to Mexico.
TurtleSAt is a smartphone application that has been developed in Australia to honor World Turtle Day to assist in the conservation of fresh water turtles in Australia. This app will allow users to identify turtles with image guides and voicemail locations using GPS phones to record sightings and help find hidden turtle nesting spots. This application has been developed because there has been a decline in the high percentage of fresh water turtles in Australia due to fox, drought, and urban development. The purpose of this app is to reduce the number of foxes and help by targeting wild animal controls.
See also
- Animal trail
- Cheloniology
- Cultural depictions of turtles
- Symposium on Turtle Evolution
Note
References
Further reading
Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard (1979). The turtle's Encyclopedia . Neptune, NJ: T.F.H. Publication. ISBN: 0-87666-918-6.
External links
- Collection of Chelonian studs and the appearance/size of captive turtles
- Biogeography and Filogeni from Chelonia (taxonomy, map) article
- New Scientist (including video) on how the turtle evolves its shell
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments