George Catlett Marshall Jr. (December 31, 1880 - October 16, 1959) was a statesman and American soldier. He rose through the US Army to become Chief of Staff under the presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, then served as Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense under Truman. Winston Churchill praised Marshall as a "winner" for his leadership of Allied victories in World War II, although Marshall rejected the last field leadership position given to his protégé, then US President Dwight D. Eisenhower. After the war, as Secretary of State, Marshall advocated significant US economic and political commitment to postwar European recovery, including the Marshall Plan containing his name. In recognition of this work, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
Born in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, Marshall graduated from the Virginia Military Institute in 1901. After serving briefly as a student commander at Danville Military Academy in Danville, Virginia, Marshall received his commission as second lieutenant Infantry in February 1902. In Years after the War Spanish-American, he served in the United States and abroad in positions of promotion and responsibility, including platoon leaders and company commanders in the Philippines during the Philippine-American War. He was an Honors Graduate of the Infantry-Cavalry School Course in 1907, and graduated first in the Army Staff class of 1908. In 1916 Marshall was assigned as a de-camp adjutant to J. Franklin Bell, commander of the Western Department. After the United States entered World War I, Marshall served with Bell while Bell ordered the Eastern Department. He was assigned to Division 1 staff, and assisted with organizational mobilization and training in the United States, as well as planning his combat operations in France. Subsequently, assigned to the staff of the American Expeditionary Forces headquarters, he is a key planner of American operations including Meuse-Argonne Offensive.
After the war Marshall became adjutant-de-camp to John J. Pershing, who later became Army Chief of Staff. Marshall then served on Army staff, ordered the 15th Infantry Regiment in China, and became an instructor at Army War College. In 1927, he became assistant commander of the Army Infantry School, where he modernized the command and staff processes, which proved very fruitful during World War II. In 1932 and 1933 he led the 8th Infantry Regiment and Fort Screven, Georgia. Marshall ordered the 5th Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division and Vancouver Barracks from 1936 to 1938, and received promotion to the brigadier general. During this command, Marshall was also responsible for 35 Civil Conservation camps (CCC) in Oregon and southern Washington. In July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Service Division of the War Department staff, and later became Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army. When Chief of Staff Malin Craig retired in 1939, Marshall became Chief of Staff, and then Chief of Staff, a position he held until the end of the war in 1945.
As Chief of Staff, Marshall organized the largest military expansion in US history, and received promotion to a five star ranking as General of the Army. Marshall coordinated Allied operations in Europe and the Pacific until the end of the war. In addition to the awards from Churchill and other Allied leaders, Time magazine Marshall Man of the Year for 1943. Marshall retired from active service in 1945, but remained on active duty, as required for holders of five ratings star. From 15 December 1945 to January 1947 Marshall served as special envoy to China in a failed attempt to negotiate a coalition government between Chiang Kai-shek and Communist Nationalists under Mao Zedong.
As Secretary of State from 1947 to 1949, Marshall advocated the reconstruction of Europe, a program known as the Marshall Plan, and which led to him being awarded the 1953 Nobel Peace Prize. After resigning as Secretary of State, Marshall served as chairman of the American War Battle Commission and president of the American Red Cross. As Minister of Defense at the start of the Korean War, Marshall worked to restore military confidence and morals at the end of post World War II demobilization and then the initial buildup for combat in Korea and operations during the Cold War. After resigning as Defense Minister, Marshall retired to his home in Virginia. He died in 1959 and was buried with honorary degrees at Arlington National Cemetery.
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George Catlett Marshall Jr. was born into a middle-class family in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, son of George Catlett Marshall Sr. and Laura Emily (nÃÆ' Â © e Bradford) Marshall. Marshall is a descendant of an old Virginia family, as well as a distant relative of former Justice John Marshall. Later, when asked about his political allegiance, Marshall often joked that his father was a Democrat and his mother was a Republican, while he was an Episcopalian.
Marshall attended the Virginia Military Institute (VMI), as did his older brother. He was an All-Southern player for the university football team of VMI Keydets in 1900. He was initiated into the Order of Kappa Alpha in 1901, the year of his graduation.
Maps George Marshall
Early and Filipino infantry careers
After graduating from VMI, Marshall took a competitive exam for a commission in the US Army. Pending results, Marshall has accepted the position of the Student Commander at the Danville Military Institute in Danville, Virginia. Marshall passed the test and was commissioned the second lieutenant in February, 1902.
Prior to World War I, Marshall received numerous posts in the United States and the Philippines, including serving as leader of the infantry platoon and company commander during the Philippine-American War and other guerrilla insurgencies. He was schooled in modern warfare, including a tour in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas from 1906 to 1910 as a pupil and instructor. He was an Honors Graduate from the Infantry-Cavalry School Course in 1907, and graduated first in the Army Staff class of 1908.
After traveling again in the Philippines, Marshall returned to the United States in 1916 to serve as a de-camp for the Commander of the Western Department, former Army chief of staff Major General J. Franklin Bell, at the Presidio in San Francisco. After the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, Marshall moved with Bell to Governors Island, New York when Bell was transferred as the East Department's commander. Shortly after, Marshall was assigned to help oversee the mobilization of the 1st Division for service in France.
World War I
During the Great War, he had a role as a training and operations planner. In the summer of 1917, he was assigned as assistant chief of staff for operations on Division 1 staff. After overseeing the mobilization and division organization in Texas, he left for France with divisional staff in mid-1917. On a long sea trip, his roommate was the assistant chief of staff division for training, Lesley J. McNair; both of which form the personal and professional bond they maintain for the rest of their career.
Upon arriving in France, Marshall served with Division 1 on the fronts of St. Mihiel, Picardy, and Cantigny. He won recognition and praise for planning the attack for the Battle of Cantigny, which lasted from 28-31 May 1918; his success resulted in the victory of the first famous American war. On May 26, Marshall was injured while traveling to several subordinate units to conduct pre-attack coordination. As he left the division headquarters area, his horse tripped, fell, and rolled over; Marshall's left leg was trapped in his stirrups, and he suffered severe sprains and bruises. A doctor tied Marshall's ankle and legs hurt with a tape so he could avoid medical evacuations and stick with the division to watch Cantigny's attacks.
In mid-1918, he was stationed at the headquarters of the American Expeditionary Force, where he worked closely with his mentor, General John Joseph Pershing, and was a key planner for American operations. He was instrumental in the planning and coordination of the Meuse-Argonne Attack, which contributed to the defeat of the German Army on the Western Front in 1918. Marshall held the permanent rank of captain and rank of colonel while; he was recommended for promotion to the temporary brigadier general in October 1918, but the Armistice took place before recommendations were acted upon. After the war Marshall returned to his permanent rank.
Between World War I and II
In 1919, he became a camp aide to General John J. Pershing. Between 1920 and 1924, while Pershing was the Army Chief of Staff, Marshall worked in a number of positions in the army, focusing on training and modern teaching, mechanical warfare. Between World War I and II, he was a key planner and author of the War Department, leading the 15th Infantry Regiment for three years in China, and taught at the Army War College. In 1927, as a lieutenant colonel, he was appointed assistant commander of the Infantry School at Fort Benning, where he embarked on major changes to modernize the commands and processes of staff, which proved to be of great benefit during World War II. Marshall put Edwin F. Harding in charge of the publication of the Infantry School, and Harding became editor of Infantry in Battle, a book that codified World War I lessons. Infantry in the Battle is still in use as a training guide for an officer in the Infantry Officers Course and is a training guide for most of the infantry and World War II officers.
From June 1932 to June 1933 he was an officer commander of the 8th Infantry Regiment in Fort Screven, Georgia. From July 1933 to October 1933 he was commander of Fort Moultrie, South Carolina and District I of the Civil Conservation Corps, and he was promoted to colonel in September 1933. He was a senior instructor and chief of staff for the Illinois National Guard 33 Division from November 1933 to August 1936.
Marshall ordered the 5th Brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division and the Vancouver Barracks in Vancouver, Washington from 1936 to 1938, and was promoted to brigadier general in October 1936. In addition to getting a long-sought and significant troop order, it was traditionally viewed as something is indispensable. As a step to the top of the US Army, Marshall is also responsible for 35 Civil Conservation camps (CCC) in Oregon and southern Washington. As the Marshall command commander made a concerted effort to grow relations with the city of Portland and to improve the image of the US Army in the region. With the CCC, he initiated a series of steps to improve the morale of the participants and make the experience fruitful in the next life. He started a newspaper for the CCC region that proved a vehicle to promote the success of CCC, and he started various programs that developed their skills and improved their health. Marshall's inspection of the CCC camp gave him and his wife, Katherine, the opportunity to enjoy the beauty of northwestern America and make the task he called "the most instructive service I ever had, and the most interesting."
In July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Plan Division in Washington D.C. and then transferred as Deputy Chief of Staff. In that capacity, Brigadier General Marshall attended a conference at the White House where President Roosevelt proposed a plan to provide aircraft to Britain to support the war effort, without considering the thought of logistical support or training. With all the other participants voicing support for the plan, Marshall was the only one who voiced his disagreement. Despite the common belief that he had ended his career, this action resulted in him being nominated by President Franklin Roosevelt to become Army Chief of Staff. After General Malin Craig's retirement on July 1, 1939, Marshall became chief of staff. Marshall was promoted to public and was inaugurated as chief of staff on September 1, 1939, the same day the German Army launched its invasion of Poland. He will hold this post until the end of the 1945 war.
World War II
As Chief of Staff, Marshall organized the largest military expansion in US history, inheriting an outdated, incomplete troop with 189,000 people and, partly from his experience teaching and developing modern warfare techniques as an instructor at Army War College, coordinating large-scale Expansion and Army modernization US. Although he never really led troops in battle, Marshall was a skilled organizer with a talent to inspire other officers. Many American generals who were given top command during the war were either elected or recommended by Marshall, including Dwight D. Eisenhower, Jacob L. Devers, George S. Patton, Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr., Lloyd Fredendall, Lesley McNair, Mark Wayne Clark and Omar Bradley.
Expanding military forces fortyfold
Faced with the need to convert an army of former civilians to a force of more than eight million troops in 1942 (a forty-fold increase in three years), Marshall directed General Lesley J. McNair to focus efforts on rapidly generating large numbers of soldiers. With the exception of air forces, Marshall approves McNair's concept of a shortened training schedule for men entering Army ground troops training, especially in terms of basic infantry skills, weapons skills, and combat tactics. At that time, most of the lower-level US commanders had little or no combat experience at all. Without input from British or Allied combat officers experienced in the nature of modern warfare and enemy tactics, many use training methods that emphasize static defenses and regulated large-scale progress by motorized convoys on improved roads. Therefore, the Army troops deployed to Africa in Operation Torch suffered serious initial damage when faced with the German armored arm units in Africa at Kasserine Pass and other major battles. Even up to 1944, US troops undergoing training in the state to prepare for the deployment of German troops in Europe were not trained in the procedures and combat tactics employed there.
The replacement system was criticized
Initially, Marshall had planned a 265-division Army with a unit rotation system as practiced by the British and other allies. In mid-1943, however, after pressure from the government and business leaders to retain labor for industry and agriculture, he had abandoned this plan for the 90-division Army using individual replacements sent through a swirling process from training to the inner division battle. Individual replacement systems designed by Marshall and implemented by McNair greatly aggravate problems with unitary unity and the effective transfer of combat experience to newly trained soldiers and officers. In Europe, where there were several pauses in combat with German forces, the individual replacement system was completely destroyed in late 1944. Hasty replacements or service personnel were reassigned when the infantry was given a six-week refresher training and thrown into battle with the Army division locked in front-line battle.
New people are often not proficient in using their own guns or weapons systems, and once in battle, can not receive sufficient practical instruction from veterans before being killed or injured, usually within the first three or four days. Under such conditions, many replacements experience a crippling moral loss, while veterans' soldiers are kept in line units until they are killed, injured, or paralyzed by war fatigue or physical illness. The AWOL army incidents of combat duty and exhaustion of war and self-inflicted injuries increased considerably during the last eight months of the war with Germany. As one historian concludes, "If the Germans were given the freedom to set up a replacement system..., which would make Americans the most wounded and the most unkind, they could not do a better job."
Marshall's ability to choose a competent field commander during the early part of the war was clearly mixed. Although he had been instrumental in advancing a competent Dwight D. Eisenhower career, he also recommended the arrogant Lloyd Fredendall to Eisenhower to gain command of the US invasion of North Africa during Operation Torch. Marshall especially liked Fredendall, describing it as "one of the best" and commenting in a staff meeting when his name was mentioned, "I love that man, you can see the determination all over his face." Eisenhower should have chosen him to order the 39,000-man Central Task Force (the largest of the three) in Operation Torch . Both men will regret the decision, because Fredendall is the leader of the US Army troops at the Battle of Kasserine Pass that bring disaster.
Planned invasion to Europe
During World War II, Marshall was instrumental in preparing the US Army and Air Force for invasion of the European continent. Marshall wrote the document that would be a central strategy for all Allied operations in Europe. He originally scheduled Operation Overlord for April 1, 1943, but met with strong opposition from Winston Churchill, who convinced Roosevelt to troop into Husky Operation for the invasion of Italy. Some writers think that World War II could have ended earlier if Marshall had his way; others think that such an invasion would mean total failure.
It is assumed that Marshall will be the Supreme Commander of Operations Overlord, but Roosevelt chose Dwight Eisenhower as Commander-in-Chief. While Marshall enjoyed great success in working with Congress and President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he refused to lobby for the position. President Roosevelt did not want to lose his presence in the United States. He told Marshall, "I do not feel like I can sleep well if you get out of Washington." When rumors circulated that the top job would go to Marshall, many critics view the transfer as Marshall's demotion, as he would leave his position as Army Chief of Staff and lose his seat in the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
On December 16, 1944, Marshall became the first US Army General promoted to the rank of five stars, the newly formed Army General - the American equivalent of marshal field. He was the second American to be promoted to a five star rating, when William Leahy was promoted to a fleet admiral the previous day.
Throughout the rest of World War II, Marshall coordinated Allied operations in Europe and the Pacific. He is characterized as an organizer of Allied victory by Winston Churchill. Time magazine named Marshall Man of the Year for 1943. Marshall resigned from the post of chief of staff in 1945, but did not retire, because the law stipulated that the General of the Army remained actively in charge of life.
Pearl Harbor intelligence failure analysis
After the end of World War II, the Joint Congressional Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack received testimony of intelligence failure. It collects 25,000 pages of documents, 40 volumes, and includes nine reports and investigations, eight of which have been completed earlier. These reports include Marshall criticisms for delaying the dispatch of General Walter Short, the army commander in Hawaii, vital information gleaned from the intercepted Japanese diplomatic message. The report also criticized Marshall's lack of knowledge about the preparedness of the Hawaiian Command during November and December 1941. Ten days after the attack, Lt. Gen. Short and Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, the naval commander at Pearl Harbor, were both released from prison. their task. The final report of the Joint Committee did not come out or blame Marshall. While the report was critical of the overall situation, the committee noted that subordinates failed to convey important information to their superiors, including Marshall.
A secret report on the role of the Army, the Clausen Report was passed by Stimson's Secretary; it was critical of Short and also Colonel Bratton who, he concluded, arrived later on Sunday morning from the beginning he claimed during the testimony and created a story about being unable to relate to Marshall's "almost destroyed" Marshall.
Post War: China
In December 1945, President Harry Truman sent Marshall to China, to bridge the coalition government between the Nationalist allies under Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and the Communists under Mao Zedong. Marshall had no influence over the Communists, but he threatened to withdraw an important American aid to the Nationalists. Both sides rejected his proposal and the Chinese Civil War increased, with Communist victory in 1949. His mission failed, he returned to the United States in January 1947. Chiang Kai-shek and several historians later claimed that the ceasefire, under Marshall's pressure, from defeat. As Secretary of State in 1947-48, Marshall seemed to disagree with strong opinions at the Pentagon and the State Department that Chiang's success was so important to American interests, insisting that US troops were not involved.
Secretary of State and Nobel Peace Prize
After Marshall returned to the United States in early 1947, Truman appointed the Marshall Secretary of State. He became the spokesman for the State Department ambition plan to rebuild Europe. On June 5, 1947 in a speech at Harvard University, he outlined an American proposal. The European Recovery Program, as it is known officially, is known as the Marshall Plan. Clark Clifford had suggested to Truman that the plan was called the Truman Plan, but Truman immediately rejected the idea and insisted it was called the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan will help Europe quickly rebuild and modernize the economy along American lines. The Soviet Union forbade its satellites to participate.
Marshall was renamed Time Man of the Year in 1947. He received the Nobel Peace Prize for his postwar work in 1953, the only career officer in the United States Army ever to receive the award..
As Secretary of State, Marshall strongly opposed recognizing the state of Israel. Marshall felt that if the state of Israel declared that war would break out in the Middle East (which occurred in 1948 one day after Israel declared independence). Marshall sees recognizing the Jewish state as a political move to gain Jewish support in the upcoming election, in which Truman is expected to lose to Dewey. He told President Truman in May 1948, "If you (recognize the state of Israel) and if I have to vote in elections, I will vote against you." However, Marshall refused to vote in any election as a matter of principle.
Marshall resigned from the State Department for illness on January 7, 1949, and the same month became chairman of the US Military Battle Commission. In September 1949, Marshall was appointed president of the American Red Cross.
Secretary of Defense
When the early months of the Korean War showed how badly the Defense Department was prepared, President Truman dismissed Secretary Louis A. Johnson and named Marshall as Defense Secretary in September 1950. The appointment necessitated the release of the congress because the 1947 National Security Act banned an army officer uniformed to serve in the post. These prohibitions include Marshall since individuals promoted to Army Generals are technically not retired, but remain officially active on duty even after their active services are completed. General Marshall was the first to be given such a waiver, with Defense Secretary James Mattis being the second to accept it. Marshall's main role as Minister of Defense is to restore confidence and enthusiasm while rebuilding the armed forces after demobilization after World War II.
Korean War
Marshall worked to provide more energy to meet the demands of the Korean War and the Cold War in Europe. To carry out his priorities, Marshall brought in new leadership teams, including Robert A. Lovett as his representative and Anna M. Rosenberg, former head of the War Labor Commission, as assistant secretary of defense for the workforce. He also worked to rebuild the relationship between Defense and State Department, as well as the relationship between the Minister of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Marshall participated in a post-Inchon landing discussion that led to the granting of authority to Douglas MacArthur to conduct operations in North Korea. A secret "eye-only" signal from Marshall to MacArthur on 29 September 1950 expressed the Truman government's commitment: "We want you to feel undisturbed strategically and tactically to proceed north of 38th Parallel". At the same time, Marshall suggested that no public statements could cause the UN vote to undermine or fight its original mandate to restore the border between North and South Korea. Marshall and the Joint Chiefs of Staff generally support MacArthur because they believe that field commanders should be able to use their best judgment in achieving the intent of their superiors.
After China's military intervention in Korea in late November, Marshall and the Joint Chiefs of Staff sought ways to help MacArthur while avoiding an all-out war with China. In the debate over what to do about China's increasing involvement, Marshall opposed the ceasefire on the grounds that it would make the US look weaker in the eyes of China, leading to demands for future concessions. In addition, Marshall argues that the US has a moral duty to honor its commitment to South Korea. When British Prime Minister Clement Attlee suggested a diplomatic offer to China, Marshall opposed, arguing that it was impossible to negotiate with the Communist government. In addition, Marshall expressed concern that concessions to China would undermine confidence in the US among his Asian allies, including Japan and the Philippines. While some in Congress favor war expansion in Korea and confront China, Marshall opposes the wider war in Korea, continuing to stress the importance of containing the Soviet Union during the Cold War battle for excellence in Europe.
MacArthur General Help
Worried about the public declaration of General Douglas MacArthur, commander of United Nations forces fighting in the Korean War, in opposition to President Harry S. Truman in the prosecution, on the morning of April 6, 1951, Truman met with Marshall, Chief of Staff Combined Omar Bradley, Secretary of State Acheson and adviser W. Averell Harriman to discuss whether MacArthur should be removed from command.
Harriman firmly supports MacArthur's help, but Bradley is against it. Marshall asked for more time to consider the matter. Acheson supports but does not reveal this, but warns Truman that if he does, MacArthur's help will lead to "the greatest bout of your administration." At another meeting the following day, Marshall and Bradley continued to oppose MacArthur's help. On April 8, the Joint Chiefs of Staff met with Marshall, and each expressed the view that MacArthur's help was desirable from a "military standpoint," which showed that "if MacArthur is not released, most of our people will charge civil authorities no longer controlling the military. "
Marshall, Bradley, Acheson and Harriman met with Truman again on April 9. Bradley told the President about the views of the Joint Chief, and Marshall added that he agreed with them. Truman wrote in his diary that "it is the unanimous opinion of all that MacArthur relieves. (The Joint Chiefs will then insist that they just "agree" with help, not "recommend" it.)
On April 11, 1951, President Truman directed the dispatch of orders to MacArthur, issued upon Bradley's signature, freed MacArthur from his assignment in Korea and directed him to hand over orders to Matthew Ridgway. In line with Marshall's views, and the views of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, MacArthur's assistance was seen by supporters as necessary to reaffirm the principle of civilian control over the military.
Retirement
Marshall retired in September 1951 to his home, Dodona Manor, in Leesburg, Virginia to look after his garden and continue his passion for horseback riding. He was head of the American delegation at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. He also served as Chairman of the US Military Battles Commission from 1949 to 1959.
Death and burial
Marshall died at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, DC on October 16, 1959 at the age of 78. Although he was entitled to the Official Funeral, Marshall preferred simplicity, thus receiving a Special Military Funeral after lying in the state at Washington National Cathedral for 21 hours, guarded by representatives of all US military service, as well as a VMI cadet. President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the flag to be flown at half-mast, and was among the guests at the funeral ceremony at the Fort Myer Old Post Chapel; Other officials include former President Truman, Secretary of State Christian A. Herter, former Secretary of State Dean G. Acheson, W. Averell Harriman and General Omar N. Bradley, Alfred M. Gruenther and General Matthew B. Ridgway. His parish priest, Pdt. Franklin Moss Jr. from St. James Episcopal in Leesburg, Virginia performed the service of the chapel and graveside, assisted by the former chief chaplain and the Canon Rev. National Cathedral. Luther Miller. After the 19-point salute, Marshall was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, where he chose, in Section 7, Grave 8198, alongside his first wife Elizabeth Carter Coles (1875-1927) and his mother Elizabeth Pendleton Coles (1849 -1929); his second wife, Katherine Tupper Brown Marshall (1882-1978) later joined them.
Reputation and inheritance
Marshall's reputation for excellence as a military organizer and planner was recognized early in his career, and was known throughout the Army. In a performance assessment prepared while Marshall was a lieutenant in the Philippines, his superior, Captain EJ Williams answered routine questions whether he wanted the officer evaluated to serve under his command again by writing Marshall "Should the urgency of active service put him in great command, I will be happy to serve underneath . "(Emphasis added.)
In 1913 General Johnson Hagood, who later became a lieutenant colonel, completed a written evaluation of Marshall's appearance in which he called Marshall a military genius. Responding to the question of whether he wanted his subordinate Marshall to serve underneath him again, Hagood wrote "Yes, but I prefer to serve under his command ." (Emphasis added.)
In addition to his military success, Marshall is especially remembered as the driving force behind the Marshall Plan, which provides billions of dollars in aid to send the European war to restart the economies of the crumbling countries. In recent years, the necessary cooperation between former European enemies as part of the Marshall Plan has been recognized as one of the earliest factors that led to the formation of the European Coal and Steel Society, and finally the European Union.
In a television interview after leaving the office, Harry S. Truman was asked who the Americans he thought had made the greatest contribution from thirty years earlier. Without hesitation, Truman chose Marshall, adding, "I do not think at this age where I live, that there is a man who has become a bigger administrator, a man with knowledge of military affairs similar to General Marshall."
Orson Welles said in an interview with Dick Cavett that "Marshall is the greatest man I have ever met... I think he is the greatest man who is also a great man... He is an extraordinary man, an ancient institution that is not with us again. "
Family life
George Marshall is the youngest of three brothers. Her brother Stuart Bradford Marshall (1875-1956) is a graduate of the Virginia Military Institute, and a manager and executive of several metal production companies, including the American Manganese Manufacturing Company. He then worked as a metallurgical engineer and consultant specializing in the production and operation of blast furnaces, oven coke, and metal casting. George and Stuart Marshall had long been exiled; according to relatives, the first wife of George Marshall, Lily, had dated VMI cadets before, and rejected their proposal, to include Stuart Marshall. When Stuart found George engaged to Lily, Stuart made an unfriendly comment about him, and George "cut my list". His sister, Marie (1876-1962) was Dr. John J. Singer, an Army physician who died in 1934.
Marshall married Elizabeth Carter Coles, or "Lily," at his mother's house on Letcher Avenue in Lexington, Virginia, on February 11, 1902. He died on September 15, 1927 after thyroid surgery which put significant pressure on his weak heart. They have no children.
On October 15, 1930, Marshall married Katherine Boyce Tupper (October 8, 1882 - December 18, 1978); John J. Pershing serves as the best person. Katherine Tupper is the mother of three children with Baltimore lawyer Clifton Stevenson Brown, who had been murdered by a dissatisfied client in 1928. The second Mrs. Marshall is a graduate of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts; he then studied at the ComÃÆ' Â © die-FranÃÆ'§aise, and toured with Frank Benson's English Shakespearean Company. He wrote a memoir, 1946s Together: The History of an Army Wife . One of Marshall's rungs, Allen Tupper Brown, was an Army lieutenant who was killed by German snipers in Italy on May 29, 1944. His other stepson was Major Clifton Stevenson Brown Jr. (1914-1952). Step-daughter Molly Brown Winn, who is the mother of actress Kitty Winn, married US Army Major James J. Winn, who was once an assistant to General Marshall.
Marshall was a Freemason, who made Mason "on sight" in 1941 by the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia.
George Marshall defended the house, known as Dodona Manor and later as The Marshall House, in Leesburg, Virginia. This was his first and only place that Marshall owned and then said "This House... a real home after 41 years of wandering." The restored house and surrounding gardens are open to the public as a museum.
Fictitious depictions
Marshall has been screened in movies and television by
- Keith Andes in 1970's Tora! Tora! Tora!
- Ward Costello in the 1977 movie MacArthur
- Dana Andrews in the 1979 Ike, The War Years movie.
- Norman Burton in miniseries 1988 War and Remembrance .
- The Holbrook thing in the 1989 television movie First Day .
- Harris Yulin in the 1995 film Truman .
- Harve Presnell in the 1998 movie Saving Private Ryan .
- Scott Wilson in the 2001 film Pearl Harbor .
- Donald Eugene McCoy in the 2009 Chinese film The Founding of Republic .
- Richard DuVal in Russian mini-series 2012 "Chkalov".
Marshall is a character in three different alternative historical timelines in Harry Turtledove's novels: Worldwars, Joe Steele, and The Hot War.
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